<p>Embora o tratamento teórico para descrever o campo luminoso na óptica quântica fosse genérico, durante bom tempo ele era referido predominantemente a modos ópticos aprisionados em cavidades. Resultados importantes foram obtidos nesse cenário. Mas, em vista da dificuldade prática no uso desse campo, trazida pelos deletérios efeitos de descoerência sobre estados aprisionados, muitos físicos da área passaram a focalizar com maior ênfase o tratamento em modos viajantes. Neste breve relato tratamos o caso da engenharia de estados não clássicos da luz para mostrar alguns detalhes das aplicações nesse cenário. Aqui a interação “campo aprisionado-átomo” dá lugar à interação “campo viajante-separador de feixes ópticos”.</p>

<p>Although the theoretical treatment to describe the light field in quantum optics was generic, during large time it was predominantly related to optical modes trapped inside cavities. Important results were then obtained in this scenario. However, in view of the practical difficulties due to the deleterious effects of decoherence upon states of trapped fields, many physicists in this area began to focus more emphasis in the treatment using traveling fields. This brief report concerns with engineering non-classical states of light field to show some details and applications in the in the later scenario. Here the interaction “atom-trapped field”, is translated into the interaction “beam splitter-traveling field”.</p>

It is known that viscera and annex glands of South American camels digestive apparatus show morphological differences regarding other ruminants. Macroscopical studies allowed to us to observe that in this class of camels, duodenal ampulla and the hepatopancreatic ductus (HPD) show a common opening; this fact gives a prominent difference with farm cattle for instance. The studies were carried out by means of common histological techniques and also by lectins histochemistry. The bile duct joint the pancreatic duct at around 3 cm from the duodenum making the HPD which opens on the duodenal fold clearly visible, with caudal direction, in the sense of intestinal transit and running 2 cm inside the intestinal mucosal. The HPD has a terminal foramen bevel-shaped, located at around 40 cm from the pylorus. The accessory pancreatic duct was not observed. The HPD is covered by simple cylindrical epithelium without goblet cells. Over the duodenal fold the epithelium is thick because it has greater gland development. In addition, this epithelium is taller, more acidophilic and it undergoes invagination yielding glands surrounded by connective tissue. The glands are tubular with acidophilic and basophilic cells also rich in mucopolysaccharides. In order to characterize the glycoconjugate a set of seven lectins (Con A, UEA-1, SBA, DBA, PNA, RCA-1 and WGA) was used. N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetylglactosamine gave a prominent reaction with lectins WGA and SBA indicating that these glycoconjugates are the major glycosilated compound present in the epithelial cells of the mucous. In the glands of HPD mucous it was observed that the cells have N-acetylgalactosamine but N-acetylglucosamine in less proportion

La estructura de las vísceras y glándulas anexas del aparato digestivo de los camélidos sudamericanos, muestran diferencias morfológicas con relación a otros rumiantes. Los estudios macroscópicos realizados, nos permitieron observar que en los camélidos sudamericanos la ampolla duodenal y el conducto hepatopancreático (CHP) presentan características particulares que le confieren una marcada diferencia con los bovinos domésticos, al presentar una desembocadura común de ambos conductos. Los estudios se realizaron mediante técnicas histológicas de rutina y por medio de histoquímica de lectinas. El conducto biliar se une al pancreático a unos 3 cm del duodeno, formando el CHP que desemboca sobre el duodeno en el pliegue duodenal, bien visible, con dirección caudal a favor del tránsito intestinal, recorriendo 2 cm por dentro de la mucosa intestinal. Presenta un orificio terminal en forma de bisel, ubicado a unos 40 cm del píloro. No se observa conducto pancreático accesorio. El CHP se halla tapizado por epitelio cilíndrico simple, sin células caliciformes. Sobre el pliegue duodenal se observa mayor desarrollo glandular, aumentando su espesor. El epitelio cilíndrico es más alto, más acidófilo y se invagina formando glándulas rodeadas de tejido conectivo. Las glándulas son tubulares con células acidófilas y basófilas, ricas en mucopolisacáridos. Para caracterizar los glicoconjugados, se utilizó una batería de siete lectinas (Con A, UEA-1, SBA, DBA, PNA, RCA-1, WGA). En las células epiteliales de la mucosa, los glucoconjugados más destacados presentes son la N-acetilglucosamina y N-acetilgalactosamina dado que dieron marcada reactividad con las lectinas WGA y SBA. La N-acetilglucosamina y N-acetilgalactosamina son aminoazúcares que suelen encontrarse como carbohidratos estructurales. En las glándulas de la mucosa del CHP se observó que las células presentan N- acetilgalactosamina y en menor proporción N-glucosamina